Boiling point of water Essay

Over time, numerous applications for the addition of salt in water have been established and the process of adding salt in water has become a regular exercise wherever water has to be boiled around the world (Bradley, 2006). Purpose The purpose of this project is to study the implications of the addition of salt in the reaction of water to heat. Theory & Hypothesis Upon the addition of common salt (NaCl) in distilled water, it causes the boiling point of the water to rise. As a result, water has to be heated for longer intervals of time as the amount of salt in the water is increased. The hypothesis of this study is to validate whether or not the addition of salt in water causes the boiling point of the water to rise. Apparatus used The apparatus that was used for this experiment comprised of table Salt (NaCl), distilled Water, measuring spoon, stirring spoon, thermometer, electric stove, kettle. Experimental procedure implemented In the first step, the kettle is filled with distilled water and is placed on the electric stove. It was filled with approximately two teacups of water. It is allowed to boil continuously and the thermometer was used to measure the temperature of the water after every few minutes. The water was observed to begin boiling at approximately 213 Â °F in normal conditions when no additions had been made to the water. In the second step, the initial sample of water was allowed to cool down until it had returned to room temperature, after which one leveled measuring spoonful of salt was added to the water and the kettle was once more placed on the electric stove to boil. The salt had been mixed into the water using the stirring spoon before it was put to boil. The water was once more allowed to boil continuously and the thermometer was used to measure the temperature of the water after every few minutes. The water was observed to begin boiling at a higher temperature than 213 Â °F after salt had been added to the water. In the third step, the water was once more allowed to cool down until it had returned back to room temperature. Once the water had returned to room temperature, a second addition of salt (NaCl) is made. The measuring spoon was used to add another leveled spoonful of salt to the water and was stirred thoroughly using the stirring spoon. The kettle was then placed on the stove once more and was allowed to begin heating up. The water was once more allowed to boil continuously and the thermometer was used to measure the temperature of the water after every few minutes. The water was observed to begin boiling at a higher temperature than that which had been observed in the readings taken in step two of the experiment. At all times, special care was taken to ensure that the thermometer did not touch the walls or the base of the kettle and that it was not held above the stove for too lon.g in order to prevent the readings from being altered unintentionally. Observations recorded. The readings that were recorded during the three phases of the experiment can be observed in the following table. Phase Phase Attributes Boiling Point Observed 1 Boiling point for control sample 212. 9 Â °F 2 Boiling point after first addition of salt 215. 6 Â °F 3 Boiling point after second addition of salt 218. 3 Â °F Table 1: Observations made during the experiment If a bar chart was to be made of the three stages of the experiment that were taken during the experiment. We would have the following bar chart at hand. Chart 1: Comparison of observations made during the execution of the experiment Conclusions. From the above experiment, we can conclude that when common salt (NaCl) is added to water, it causes the boiling point of the water to increase. As the amount of salt in the water was increased, a proportional increase was also observed in the temperature that the water required to attain its boiling point. The increase in boiling point was therefore established to be directly proportional to the amount of salt in the water. This also explained the fact that before any salt was added to the water, the water boiled at its standard temperature. We can therefore state that the hypothesis of this experiment stands valid. This would also explain why everyday uses of salt in water such as those recommended in the culinary arts perceive the addition of salt in water (McGee, 1984) as a necessity to ensure that the end result is prepared to perfection through continuous heating. References Bradley, D. (2006, December 27). Salt and the Boiling Point of Water. Retrieved April 27, 2009, from Science Base: http://www. sciencebase. com/science-blog/how-does-salt-affect-the-boiling-point-of-water. html McGee, H. (1984). On food and cooking: the science and lore of the kitchen. Scribner’s. List of Tables Table 1: Observations made during the experiment.

The Social Psychology of the Salem Witch Trials

There are several other terms that could replace mob psychology such as group think, group control, social psychology. Social psychology is termed as a branch of human psychology dealing with the behavior of groups and the influence of social factors on the individual. (Donahue) â€Å"An individual is subjected to a more powerful control when two or more persons manipulate variables having a common effect upon behavior†. (Skinner 323) The psychology behind this simply states that two people are more influential than one and four people more Influential than two, etc.In the case of the Salem witch trials, this Is extremely evident. Having started with just two young girls from the same household and to grow into a state wide panic at such a fast rate supports this idea. In 1692, Salem was a Puritan village outside of Boston. The puritan teachings and beliefs were deeply revered and a way of life for the followers. The preacher of the church was Reverend Samuel Paris. His sermon s were fiery, emphasizing on spiritual warfare between the saved and the dammed. Norton 18) Before the trials began, Pearls preached a series of sermons about the first verse of Psalm 1 10: â€Å"Sit thou at my right hand, till I make thin enemies thy footstool. † (Norton 1 8) His reticular style of teaching emphasized on the vast differences between â€Å"us† and â€Å"them†; â€Å"us† being the saved and â€Å"them† being the dammed, thus instilling fear in the congregation and giving him control of his followers. To put it in a better perspective, David Hackett Fisher wrote concerning Puritan religion â€Å"Anyone outside of or contrary to that church was an agent of the devil†¦It was the responsibility of the church to help such a person by introducing him to confess the indwelling of an evil spirit and free himself. If he did not confess, it were better he be killed, lest he be a vehicle through witch the devil contaminate others. (Eleph ant 134) With this being the Puritan mindset, it would be common to fear the repercussions of not conforming to the rules and standards of the religion. Some religious leaders use the fear that sin will keep you from Heaven and that only the leader could save you from damnation. Skinner 3 The Puritans were on a crusade against evil and those who practiced witchcraft. (Schnapps, Ties 133-148) Samuel Paris was not the only religious figure who was preaching these messages at the time. Cotton Matter was a very well known and prestigious minister at Boson's Old North Church. He firmly believed in the practice f witchcraft. His father, Increase Matter, was extremely influential as well at the time. Both had published works about evil in the very real presence of witchcraft. These, as well as other writings were available to the public and influenced public thinking.Cotton Matter's first book length publication was Memorable Providence's, Relating to Witchcraft. This publication was based on his experience with the Goodwin family. Their children became â€Å"possessed† and Matter was personally involved in the children's deliverance. (Hill 20) Eighteen months after the Goodwin trial in Boston, Samuel Paris' young daughter ND niece began exhibiting the same strange behavior. Having read Cotton Matter's book, he feared the worst for the children. Once examined by Dir. Grids, and finding no plausible reason for their illness, the doctor concluded that it must be witchcraft. Starkey 45) The Paris' owned a slave couple named Tuba and John Indian. Tuba's growing concern for the girls inspired her to bake a witch cake. This cake contained the young girls' urine and was to be fed to a dog. If the dog were to behave strangely, the presence of witchcraft would be confirmed. (Hill 23) Samuel Paris was horrified of these actions. After hearing what Tuba did, the girls announced that it was in fact Tuba who had bewitched them. Along with these accusations, the girls also stated two other women in the community were responsible: Sarah Osborne and Sarah Good. Norton 44) The three women were of lower nobility which made the accusations much more plausible. These women were typical suspects of witchcraft. In both Europe and America, witches were mostly female, in their forties or older, had no social power, and did not conform to the social norm. (Elephant 136) â€Å"It was easy to make that assumption because they seemed more obnoxious, that kind of seasoning is dangerous. † (Borer 137) Many references to the accused are merely called Hags thus placing the women beneath those accusing her. In no time at all, the number of accusations and accusers increased rapidly.Young women were receiving attention and had access to public power. The girls could shriek and scream and not be punished, but instead be looked upon as victim. (Elephant 137) The amount of fear greatly increased through out the village. To be against the group would put you in danger , thus the group grows out of fear. (Skinner 323) The girls not only grew in number but in age as well. Each girl would vary in heir emotional patterns and would feed off of each others reactions. (Starkey 45) Those who were imprisoned were accusing others and chaos rapidly ensued.The community response became more agitated as the trials continued. Those who confessed were neither tried nor sentenced. (Elephant 138) The number of confessions only supported the girls' accusations allowing them more credibility. Those who claimed to be innocent were hung following their trial or for one man tortured. At this point, the presence of a strong governing body could have brought a more peaceful solution and calmed the growing fear of the people. Instead, the Judges a owe ten tentacles In ten courtroom anon ten solution spun quickly out AT control.This is an example of how mob psychology affected the outcome of these trials. The peoples' fears were compounded by the girls' emotional out burs ts, the religious view points being expressed at this time and growing distrust of people seen as different from themselves. There was no governing body, civil or religious, that was willing or able to control public response. On the contrary, the establishment of Court of Ore and Determiner, in May of 1692, brought a new level of seriousness. Norton 194) Grand and petty Juries were formed, witnesses were called in and the charades escalated.On December 23, the court appointed new Juries of men who felt the proceedings were too violent and they would use â€Å"another method† while conducting future trials. (Norton 291) Once these men took control of the trials, order was slowly becoming restored into play and the storm began to calm. Many who were still imprisoned were only there because they could not pay the fees to be released. Tuba was one of the last remaining to be freed since Samuel Paris refused to pay her cost of imprisonment. Norton 292) When the trials finally cam e to an end, twenty people had died.This tragic and unfortunate event could have had a much more positive out come had the control of the group been enforced at an earlier time. It is clearly evident that the force of the mob caused the Salem witch trials to become so overwhelming. Increase Matter played a major influential part toward the end of the trials by opposing the manner in which Salem officials handled the allegations. (Norton 291). Luckily for the town of Salem, new laws were put into action as to how to conduct a witch trial properly. Works Cited Borer, Paul S, and Stephen Einsteinium.

Terrorism Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 12500 words

Terrorism - Thesis Example The paper is also interested in exploring the effects of Mumbai attacks on NYPD, and the measures they planned to adopt in order to ensure peace and stability in their respective jurisdiction subsequently. The main objective behind investigating into the topic above-mentioned includes the exploration of the factors behind the rapid expansion of terrorists’ network and subsequent attacks in various regions by the beginning of 21st century, which has resulted into horrifying the world population in such a way that it has accelerated the pace and magnitude of hatred and abhorrence amongst the individuals belonging to divergent religious, racial and ethnic groups and communities of the world against the terrorists on the one side, and their rival groups and factions on the other. The terrorists appeared to be creating differences among the people belonging to divergent groups and communities in order to bring the civilisations against one another in a violent confrontation. A prop ortional increase in the gulf of hatred between the civilisations has also paved the way towards waging of wars at the hands of the US-led politico-strategic alliance against two Asian states including Afghanistan and Iraq in 2002 and 2003 respectively, because of the suspicion with regards to the involvement of two terrorist organisations namely Al Qaeda and Taliban in spreading and promoting terrorism in various countries by establishing their condemnable network in the above-mentioned US-invaded states of Asia. The paper is also interested in studying the motifs behind terrorism and similarities and dissimilarities between the strategies adopted by the police departments of both the countries under-examination i.e. USA and India undergoing the terrorist attacks. The researcher has elaborated the topic under-consideration within religious and historical perspectives. In addition to this, the researcher looks for adopting the content analysis as research method while collecting the informational data for the present study. The data gathered from NYPD and Mumbai statistical bureaus, websites and the national databases will be analysed, tabulated and computed in order to estimate the success ratio of the efforts made by the police departments of both these countries for countering terrorism from their respective motherlands. After the data analyses, interpretation of data will be made for the sake of making suggestions for the future researches to be conducted on the same or similar topics. Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION: Terrorism-- Meaning, Nature and Current Serge in the Modern Era: The term terrorism is rightly stated to be an instrument in the hands of the most frustrated and disappointed individuals of society undergoing the situation of alienation and aggravation because of the social injustices and inequalities prevailing in almost all societies and cultures of the world, carrying different level of intensity and magnitude, generally inflicted upon the lower s ocial stratum and depriving them of their share in the social and natural resources. Terrorism is, according to the US Department of Defence, the calculated use of violence or the threat of violence to inculcate fear; intended to coerce or to intimidate governments or

Does developing consensus of Appropriation (COA) among team members of Essay

Does developing consensus of Appropriation (COA) among team members of the virtual environment have a major influence on the outcome of effective collaboration - Essay Example The frame work used for this study was Adaptive Structuration Theory (AST) which is based on Anthony Giddens Structuration theory (DeSanctis & Poole, 1994). From the study, we can conclude that the results acquired are controversial and do not present the complete picture of the research on consensus of appropriation due to various limitations. In the past information technology primarily supported business functions by just improving the efficiency. Advanced information technologies (AIT) are designed to support coordination along with interpersonal communication which epitomize to a new class of information technologies ( DeSanctis and Poole 1994). Adopting the Adaptive Structuration Theory Framework (AST) emphasizes how Advance Information Technology is used to mediate any influence on the effective collaboration in a GDSS system. The effective use of Group Support systems (GSS) to aid work in small groups has been an important topic of research since the mid 1980s as the major focus was on the technology rather than the factors which influence the outcome of effective collaboration in GSS. GDSS aims to improve the process of decision making by removing communication barriers. The factors influencing group problem solving include: reluctance to participate, inconsistent views about the problem's components and their rel ationships, undue dominance by one individual in the group, tendency towards premature convergence, unproductive avoidance or escalation of conflict, and issues of leadership (DeSanctis, 1996).It is interesting to look at the impact of developing consensus of Appropriation (COA) among team members of the virtual environment and whether it has a major influence on the outcome of effective collaboration. The impact of technology appropriation and consensus development on the collaboration effectiveness of the virtual groups is the topic which has certain perspectives for the further research, and the basis for such assumption lies in the fact that the rates of technological development at present are the highest, and their impact on the human life and on the decision outcomes as a part of the virtual groups' performance should not be underestimated. This is why I decided to make this topic the subject of my research, using the Adaptive Structuration Theory and literary resources as the basis for the analysis and discussion of the results acquired. Background The data set used for analysis was taken from the second semester of 2003 which was a joint effort between the first year students at Uppsala University at Sweden and the third year students of Auckland University of Technology (AUT) in New Zealand. The collaborative database was developed using Lotus Notes at the school of computing and Information Sciences, AUT. The online collaboration consists of two phases. The first phase is Icebreaking activity which actually allows different users to introduce themselves and get familiar with the database in order to explore different features of it. . At the end of the phase one, the user evaluates and comments on the icebreaking task. The next phase is the group decision phase in which the group members had to evaluate 3 websites and accordingly rank them based on group

Working break down structure Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Working break down structure - Essay Example (Brotherton, F &N, 2008). For instance range estimates from WBS package method may be used for element 1.2.2, where time estimate are located. In case this element begins on a holiday or weekend when suppliers have closed, the idle period may be inserted in the critical path. The elements of WBS helps in identifying resources needed for each element. In this case, the resources required are human resources, equipment resources, materials, and space. A WBS helps to allocate cost to specific work package, for example, labor, materials, equipment, and so on. In this case, 1.3.1 parts prepared will be allocated more costs estimates. WBS helps in identifying projects activities and sub-activities, and the tasks and subtasks. Each activity or task must be equal to the sum of its sub-elements. A WBS helps allocate time for a specific activity, for instance, incase, 1.2.1 begins on a weekend the individual who was supposed to perform the task may be assigned another

Fieldnotes Write-up Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Fieldnotes Write-up - Assignment Example Initially, there were about three or four young people from the nearby community who guided our tour and I recall how eager they exchanged delightful phrases on introducing the garden with its history. It was quite amazing how one of them entertained me in my query of the freeway which interestingly runs alongside and beneath the garden. They pointed out that to some thirty nine gardeners, the Solano Canyon Garden has become an oasis, feeding and slaking thirst of a newly-found diverse mother nature gone concrete yet surprisingly organic. Surrounding the garden’s entrance, I noticed the inlays of tiles in certain portions, including the steps, which had seemingly been scientifically structured on purpose to allow proper growth of plants throughout their place. Back then, without a tour guide, I could imagine how little would be known of each plant type in view which, in reality, serves more than a single sense – aesthetic to sight and healthy taste to palate of urban living. It hardly occurred to us that the scenic fields are a lush vegetation of organic produce as we generally felt that Solano Canyon Garden is more of a park, lovely in its own way, exhibiting colorful flowers and herbs of peculiar species chiefly rendered as they are for tourist attraction. We were three-fourths way through with our journey when we met with the interactive Al Renner, the Master Gardener, who had humbly and cheerfully walked the class through paths leading to farm culture of dominant greens making us grin with awe upon seeing exotic plants of various unique appearances and whose green color sometimes comes beyond typical shades. As if to be one with real nature, I could sense that the majority of us had been drawn to its beauty featured in the well-tended beds of flowers and vegetables that are further enhanced by the refreshing swish of the river’s noise from the background and

Demographic Analysis for Policy Decision-Making Essay

Demographic Analysis for Policy Decision-Making - Essay Example The children of smokers, compared to children of nonsmoking parents, have an increased number of respiratory disorders, are sick more often and miss more days of school. The Centers for Disease Control conservatively attributes 3,825 deaths in 1988 to passive smoking A report sponsored by the Environmental Protection Agency concluded that environmental smoke kills 53,000 nonsmokers a year, including 37,000 from heart disease ("Secondhand") (Schwartz JL, 1989). Canadians are most likely to identify lung cancer and bronchitis and other respiratory problems as diseases associated with second-hand smoke. Smokers and those who live with smokers are less likely to acknowledge the health effects of smoking. Only 1 in 5 Canadians surveyed believed that second-hand smoke could cause ear infections. Even among those who know that second-hand smoke poses a danger, many mistakenly believe that children's health is only harmed by smoking directly around them. [Environmental Tobacco Smoke: Knowledge, Attitudes and Actions of Parents, Children and Child Care Providers, Health Canada, 1995]. http://www.smoke-free.ca/Second-Hand-Smoke/health_kids.htm Almost half of all Canadian children under the age of... http://www.smoke-free.ca/Second-Hand-Smoke/health_kids.htm Almost half of all Canadian children under the age of 15, some 2.8 million children, are exposed to second-hand smoke on a regular basis. [Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister of Health on second reading debate of Bill C-24, June 6, 1996]. Four in 10 Canadian households include someone who regularly smokes in the home. Neither the presence of children nor their age affects whether or not homes are kept smoke-free. A further 40% of Canadian homes have no regular smoker living there, but permit visitors to smoke in their home. Only 19% of Canadian homes are smoke-free. [Survey on Smoking in Canada 1994-95, Cycle 2] http://www.smoke-free.ca/Second-Hand-Smoke/health_kids.htm In smoker's homes, an average of 18 cigarettes a day is smoked. In only 1 in 5 of these households are cigarettes not smoked directly in front of children. Smokers are more likely to have mainly smokers in their social circle, and their children are more likely to be in contact with these smoking friends and relatives than are the children of non-smokers. [An Assessment of Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices Concerning Environmental Tobacco Smoke, 1995 - Ekos Research Associates] http://www.smoke-free.ca/Second-Hand-Smoke/health_kids.htm Thus, there is no doubt that tobacco smoking is harmful to the smoker. Evidence also indicates that maternal smoking during pregnancy has adverse effects on fetal development. It is now apparent that 'passive' or 'involuntary' smoking also has harmful effects. This involves non-smokers being exposed to the smoke from cigarettes or other tobacco products smoked by other people. In 1987 the Independent Scientific Committee on Smoking and Health produced a statement to the effect that

Golden Rule Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Golden Rule - Essay Example It was not meant as a guide to practical choice separate from all other principles of conduct. It has nothing to say about specific choices, nor does it vouch certain moral principles, ideals, or virtues. The golden rule relates, rather, to a perspective thought vital to the exercise of even the most basic morality: that of trying to put oneself in the place of those affected by one's actions, so as to counter the instinctive tendency to moral shortsightedness. It instructs listeners to treat others with the respect and understanding they themselves would wish to come across, and not to cause misfortunes on others that they would detest to have caused upon themselves. The golden rule put emphasis on the ethic of empathy: treat others as you would like them to treat you. Empathy relies on understanding that the other person senses pains as you do or will feel gladness as much as you do if they are properly dealt with. If another person is mourning, you feel his/her grief and offer consolation. If another is hurt, you go out of your way to extend help and you treat the injured person with support to prevent further suffering. Empathy, however, is not equally present among human beings, nor is any person incessantly empathetic for others. Some are deficient in empathy and are selfish, irresponsible and do harm to others with out feeling any remorse. The natural tendency is to treat only a number of other people, immediate members of a select group, and to be distrustful of and unreceptive to everyone else. Empathy can stimulate on in one circumstance and hold off in another situation. Once a particular group labels that non-members are threats, empathy is switched off and group members treat outsiders as though they were intruders. Actual situations may well affect how we relate the golden rule by looking at the practical significance of differences between experiences such as: observing another, how one would feel in the situation of another, what is the feeling of another, what is the world from the perception of the other, the impact of an action on the other, how the other would judged the fairness of another's act, and taking the other's viewpoint clearly into consideration in moral decision-making. Imagining oneself, however, in the situation of another is not plainly required by the golden rule, nor is it a requirement or adequate state for sound moral judgment. At times one acts it but stays unenlightened because of unawareness or self-deception, and occasionally one comprehends intuitively what is to be performed without any definite act of imagination. We normally presuppose that we understand others intuitively, that we empathize truly, that our expressions of sympathy are appropriate. Despite our usual dependence on empathy to enlighten us about another, our emphatic feeling of others often gives the wrong impression. The golden rule instructs us to treat others as we want others to treat us, thus implicitly advancing the assumption that there are important shared aims or similarities between the self and another. Over dependence on commonalities can dull receptiveness to dissimilarity just as much as being overly impressed with dissimilarity can make people blind to empathy. If the golden rule is to be understood as encouraging complacency about empathizing with others, then the rule would seem

Leading a Multicultural Team through a Change Process Research Paper

Leading a Multicultural Team through a Change Process - Research Paper Example This research will begin with the statement that multicultural teams have become a common occurrence in the recent times and with the ease of cross-border mobility that is being experienced, people move from one country to another in rates that are increasing. This has developed intermarriages between the people that come from different cultural backgrounds where the children born grow up in different countries and have cultural identities that can be perceived to be a hybrid. Globalization and internationalization, as well as improvements in the transport and communication industry, have decreased the trade restrictions that traditionally existed which have increased interaction among people. There is a significant increase in the number of multicultural teams in organizations these days, which has to lead to the modern international literature identifying that the management of the cultural teams is an important attribute of human resource management. Studies have directed their at tention on the positive effects of employing multicultural teams are utilized since they are seen to be more efficient than the mono-culture teams in the situations that need more than a single skill and judgment. Leadership in the organizational work teams has developed to become one of the most common and quickly growing areas of the leadership theory and research where a group of a particular type that is composed of members who depend on each other and have mutual goals who must coordinate their activities to accomplish the tasks at hand.

Standardized testing Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Standardized testing - Research Paper Example The method of standardized testing is unbiased and this is arguably its biggest pro. It does not discriminate on the basis of sex, race or religion. The standardized method of testing works well in indentifying the needs of underperformers and those who are succeeding. Specific programs can be developed for underperformers to make them excel. It is a good method in order to achieve proficiency. It can also help create a more transparent education system. Being fair to each and every student is very important and standardized testing proves to be a very effective system when it comes to being fair to students. Standardized testing is considered to be an unfair system by many. This is because it does not take into account the differences in students and each and every student is judged using the same guidelines. This seems to be unfair and unjust. It is very important to consider the differences in each student. Not everyone can be a monkey and accomplish the daunting task of climbing trees. Assessment and education are two very important topics. Standardized testing is a good way of imparting education but when it comes to assessment it fails on more forefronts than one. Standardized testing has had a positive effect on many students. They have achieved great success academically because of this method. It is also a very reliable way of measuring the achievements of students. At the same time many consider this method to be highly flawed. â€Å"After No Child Left Behind (NCLB) passed in 2002, the US slipped from 18th in the world in math on the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) to 31st place in 2009, with a similar drop in science and no change in reading.† (Walker, Tim) Standardized testing is unfair to non-English speakers and there is hardly any doubt about this statement.  

Literacy and Young People Essay Example for Free

Literacy and Young People Essay The opportunity to apply for a specialist responsibility in supporting literacy development has arisen in your educational environment. For your interview you have been asked to prepare information to show that you can: Literacy means the ability to read and write. Only recently has the word ‘literacy’ been applied as the definitive term for reading and writing, mostly since the introduction of the National Literacy Strategy in schools. The skills of reading and writing complement each other and develop together, it therefore makes sense to use the term ‘literacy’. Reading and writing are forms of communication based on the spoken language. Effective speaking and listening skills are essential in order to develop literacy skills. The progression of literacy skills is a vital aspect of development and learning. Without the ability to read, write and listen children and young people may not be able to function effectively in school, college, university or at work or communicate with others about their ideas and participate fully and safely in the community. Literacy enables children and young people to express themselves creatively and productively. The majority of jobs and careers rely on an element of basic literacy (and numeracy) skills. Literacy is required in our everyday lives, to keep us safe by being able to read signs and follow instructions, read directions, reading newspapers, recipes, food labels, dealing with household finances. Literacy also enables us to progress with technology by being able use computers competently, surfing the internet and being able to read and write emails. As the heart of all learning lies the two key skills, literacy and numeracy. Literacy is possibly the more important of both skills as children and young people need literacy in order to access further curriculum areas, e.g in order to approach a numeracy problem, the question needs to be read and  understood before the answer can begin to be found. The development of literacy is important from an early age for all children and young people. As Teaching Assistants it is likely that we will be supporting children and young people with communication difficulties or other Special Educational Needs which could have an impact on their literacy skills, a situation may also arise where English is not the first language. It is important that children and young people are encouraged to explore the way the English language works, e.g phonics for vocabulary, reading, writing and spelling. This will enable children and young people to gain knowledge to be able to read, write and spell confidently. The learning objectives are associated to 12 strands in literacy to demonstrate progression in each strand. The strands are as follows:- Speak and listen for a wide range of purposes in different contexts 1. Speaking 2. Listening and responding 3. Group discussion and interaction 4. Drama Read and write for a range of purposes on paper and on screen 5. Word recognition: decoding (reading) and encoding (spelling) 6. Word Structure and spelling 7. Understanding and interpreting texts 8. Engaging and responding to texts 9. Creating and shaping texts 10. Text structure and organisation 11. Sentence structure and punctuation 12. Presentation Within my setting we aim to encourage children and young people to be able read and write with confidence, fluency and understanding, to be able to orchestrate a full range of reading cues (phonic, graphic, syntactic, contextual) to monitor their read and be able to correct their own mistakes. To understand the sound and spelling system and use this to read and spell accurately, have fluent, legible and cursive handwriting. To have an interest in words and their meanings and a growing vocabulary. To know, understand and be able to write a number of genres in fiction and poetry,  understand and be familiar with some of the ways in which narratives are structured through basic literacy ideas of setting, character and plot. The ability to understand, use and be able to write a range of non-fiction texts, plan, draft, revise and edit their own writing, have a suitable technical vocabulary through which to understand and discuss their reading and writing. Children are encouraged to be interested in books, read with enjoyment and evaluate and justify their preferences. Develop their own powers of imagination, inventiveness and critical awareness through reading and writing. In the Foundation Stage (Nursery and Reception) Children and young people should be given the opportunity to speak, listen and represent ideas in their activities. Use communication, language and English in every part of the curriculum and to become immersed in an environment rich in print and possibilities for communication. All Key Stage 1 (Years 1 and 2) – Children and young people should learn to speak confidently and listen to what others have to say. They should begin to read and write independently (using phonic knowledge) and with enthusiasm. They should be using language to explore their own experiences and imaginary words. All Key Stage 2 (Years 3-6) – Children and young people should learn to change the way they speak and write to suit appr opriate situations, purposes and audiences. They should read a range of texts and respond to different layers of meaning in them. They should explore the use of language in literary and non-literary texts and learn how the structure of language works. Intervention groups are offered in speaking, reading, writing and listening to those children and young people who are under-attaining and booster groups for the more able. Where the pupils performance is significantly below average we will seek specialist provision such as speech therapy, EAL programmes and reading recovery will be accessed as needed. In Key stages 1 and 2, English sessions use the National Strategy unit plans (our own versions) focusing on shared reading, shared and guided writing and producing sustained outcomes. Further lessons are also used for focused activities in phonics, guided reading and comprehension. In Key Stage 1 there is a daily phonics session, daily guided reading and English lesson. There is one discrete handwriting session each week. In additi on to this, there is also a slot used for the development of speaking and listening and the class story. In lower Key Stage 2 there is also a daily phonics session, four guided reading sessions and a daily  English lesson. There is one discrete handwriting session every fortnight. Additionally there is also a slot used for the development of speaking and listening and the class story. In upper Key Stage 2 there is a daily phonics/spelling session, four guided reading sessions and a daily English lesson. There is one discrete handwriting session every fortnight. Additional there is a slot used for the development of speaking and listening and the class story. The monitoring and evaluation of the English policy is the responsibility of the English co-ordinator who is responsible to the head teacher and the governors for the development of English throughout the school. This is to be achieved in a variety of ways: Regular discussions with staff concerning the progress of groups and individuals Involvement in long and medium term planning across the school in English Regular classroom observation and working alongside colleagues to help identify strengths and weaknesses, to provide support to individual staff where appropriate Regular monitoring of resources, planning and children’s work Reviewing of assessment outcomes and data to evaluate the quality of learning in English throughout the school. Checking that within a key stage there is coverage of the full English curriculum in line with national curriculum requirements, the early learning goals and current National Primary Framework objectives (where used) Checking that appropriate opportunities to raise multicultural and gender issues are created and taken Ensure that the time spent on the teaching of English is meeting our pupils needs  Literacy Lessons are the same time each day, afte r morning break time. They are broken down into phonics and spelling, guided reading and English. The lesson starts at 10.45 and finishes at 12.30pm. The children start by gathering on the carpet area to be given an overview of what is happening in the day’s lesson. As a Teaching Assistant a discussion would have taken place with the Class Teacher prior to the lesson taking place to establish the lesson plan and what is expected of you for the lesson. Some Teaching Assistants may have been involved with elements of planning a lesson and able to give their own ideas as to how is the best way to carry out activities. It may be that you work with a designated group of children who have development issues and require more attention. It is important that  the Teaching Assistant works together with the class teach to monitor the progress of pupils in all areas of literacy development. This will usually ensure that the children and young people are focused and able to meet the learning objectives. Some pupils will require more encouragement to participate than others through the use of praise and feedback, whilst identifying any concerns or problems they may have. Monitoring of the children and young people also involves the relaying of information to the Class Teacher in respect of learning objectives and feedback as to how the tasks were managed and how to achieve their goals going forwards. We also carry out intervention activities in my setting where a group of children are taken out of the lesson by a Teaching Assistant to carry out some additional literacy activities to concentrate on tasks such as sounds of letter groups, reading sessions and basic spellings to help improve their literacy development. There are also groups of children who are taken out of lessons 3 times a week to carry out additional reading activities to help improve their reading skills. In our classrooms, we also use a ‘working wall display’ to show the key learning objectives for the terms activities and the pupils are able to use this to assist with their learning independently. Within my setting we also have a reading partners lesson on a Thursday morning where year groups visit other class rooms and read with each other, e.g Year 4 read with reception, Year 3 read with year 1 and year 2 with year 5. This gives children and young people to the chance to gain confidence in reading and speaking in front of other children who are of a different age and more developed. Bibliography Textbooks: Textbooks: Burnham,L, Baker,B (2010) Level 3 Diploma Supporting Teaching and Learning in Schools (Primary). Harlow. Heinemann part of Pearson Burnham,L(2002) Brilliant Teaching Assistant. Prentice Hall Kamen, T (2008) 2nd Edition Teaching Assistants Handbook NVQ SVQ Levels 2 3. Maidstone. Hodder Education Primary School Literacy Curriculum Policy overview

Women in 19th century Boston Essay Example for Free

Women in 19th century Boston Essay This was a very clever move and shows how much he cares for himself and how he has tried to prevent himself being caught. He thinks that Gerta would get thrown out of the house which most women would do because they would feel that they have lost their pride. If she had the baby she would be sent back to Sweden which women did in 19th century Boston. Also if she wanted a divorce even thought she was innocent she would lose all her possession as the law would be against her. Thats how difficult it was for women in Boston. Gilman blames Mr.Marroner not Gerta as everyone would. Mr. Marroner knew all the consequences and had still done his dirty actions. Also he has hurt three people, his wife, Gerta and the baby Gilman writes a very dramatic quote which is this is the sin of man against woman it is very effective because it basically describes what the whole story is about. Gilman also uses a time shift which continues to the future as Mr. Marroner arrives from his important business. By the usage of flash backs it gives the reader an interesting insight on what Mrs.Marroner and Gerta are going through while he was at business. When Mr. Marroner arrived away on to his disbeliefs he realized that his wife has secretly left him which makes us think where Gerta is? After Mr. Marroner has done this unbelievable horror it makes the reader think that he still loves his wife because after months he hired private detectives and when anyone asked him about his wife he would say that she has gone abroad for health. He just couldnt bear to tell anybody the truth. He even wouldnt want to end up in the newspapers as he is a big business man. As he hired the detectives they fond the location of where his wife was living. When he went to meet her he found out that she had changed to her maiden name, Marion. And there she was holding her baby as a bulwark and Marion turned and said to him, what have you to say to us? Gilman leaves an open ending which the reader could think about what is going to happen and I as the reader think that she might take him back because she had the guts to talk to her husband after cheating on her. Also shows that Gerta is are protecting her baby for not seeing the future dad as he will be known as a CHEAT. But if I was in Marions position I would just chase him out of the house and not even talk to him. Gilman clever uses certain techniques that make the reader very interested. Theses techniques such as, flash backs creates a dramatic impact on the reader as it keeps them thinking on what is going to happen next.

Malunggay Bark Extract As Alternative Source

Malunggay Bark Extract As Alternative Source The 21st century trend is an era in which technologies become part of human lives. In this age, efforts and time are exhausted by many individuals or groups in order to create technologies that can be utilized in any human endeavour. Conversely, for most of these innovations and inventions to function, electricity is required. In the Philippines, a country that is abreast with technologies, majority of the electricity requirement is derived from electric power plants that are run by fossil fuels such as petroleum and coal. Moreover, batteries which are portable source of the said energy are also in use. However, due to rapid increase in technologies that require electricity, some problems arise. At present, since there is a huge demand for electricity, fuel required to generate such energy becomes scarce. People have realized that most of processes and materials for electricity generation have negative effect on the environment and on health of human. Hence, researches are conducted to discover green (clean, natural, derive from biological source), low cost, and readily available alternative source of electricity. In line with this view, Filipinos actively participate to achieve this purpose by introducing malunggay (Moringa oleifera) as an important source of not only nutrition and medicine but of electricity as well. Malunggay is a tree that preferably grows in countries with tropical climate such as the Philippines. This tree can be easily propagated since malunggay can be grown from seeds or mature stem cuttings. In the country, this tree is commonly found in household backyard, aligned with perimeter fences, since the edible and nutritious flowers, fruits, and leaves of malunggay are part of the diet of Filipinos. Aside from the nutritional value of some parts of malunggay, all parts of this tree are used in herbal medicine to cure some diseases. Given that this tree can serve several purposes, malunggay becomes in demand. In light of the discussion of the environmental problems and characteristics of malunggay, a group of researchers conducted a study entitled MOB Electricity: Malunggay Bark Extract as Alternative Source of Electricity, to show that malunggay (Moringa oleifera) bark extract is a viable alternative source of electricity; consequently, providing an environment friendly, inexpensive and accessible source of electricity. At this point in time, since there is a strong desire to improve way of living, great attention is given to technologies. Due to this interest, innovations and inventions which require electricity are continuously developed. Thus, electricity must be continuously generated. On the contrary, most of the processes and materials for electricity generation pose hazards to the environment and human health. Therefore, a clean, low cost, and readily available source of electricity is needed, a reason that motivated the researchers to engage in this investigatory project. B. Statement of the Problem This study entitled MOB Electricity: Malunggay Bark Extract as Alternative Source of Electricity intends to investigate the feasibility of Malunggay (Moringa oleifera) bark extract as an alternative source of electricity. Specifically, this study sought to answer the following questions: 1. Is there a significant difference on the amount of voltage measured from liquid form of malunggay bark extract obtained through crude and ethanol extraction? 2. Is there a significant difference on the amount of voltage measured from jelly form of malunggay bark extract obtained through crude and ethanol extraction? 3. Is there a significant difference on the amount of voltage measured from liquid and jelly form of malunggay bark extract obtained through crude and ethanol extraction? 4. Is there a significant difference on the amount of voltage measured from varying amounts of malunggay bark extract? C. Hypotheses 1. Ho: There is no significant difference on the amount of voltage measured from liquid form of malunggay bark extract obtained through crude and ethanol extraction. Ha: There is a significant difference on the amount of voltage measured from liquid form of malunggay bark extract obtained through crude and ethanol extraction. 2. Ho: There is no significant difference on the amount of voltage measured from jelly form of malunggay bark extract obtained through crude and ethanol extraction. Ha: There is a significant difference on the amount of voltage measured from jelly form of malunggay bark extract obtained through crude and ethanol extraction. 3. Ho: There is no significant difference on the amount of voltage measured from liquid and jelly form of malunggay bark extract obtained through crude and ethanol extraction. Ha: There is a significant difference on the amount of voltage measured from liquid and jelly form of malunggay bark extract obtained through crude and ethanol extraction. 4. Ho: There is no significant difference on the amount of voltage measured from varying amounts of malunggay bark extract. Ha: There is a significant difference on the amount of voltage measured from varying amounts of malunggay bark extract. D. Significance of the Study This study will provide the energy sector in the country a green alternative source of electricity which will reduce the use of materials that have hazardous effects to human and environment. Hence, minimizing occurrences of diseases and slowing the rate of environment degradation. Furthermore, the positive result of this study could also assure people with inexpensive and accessible source of electricity. Moreover, this study introduces a new application of malunggay, thus, further increasing the demand for this tree. In this effect, farmers in the country could have extra income by providing the needed supply of malunggay. E. Scopes and Limitations The focal point of this study is the feasibility of malunggay (Moringa oleifera) as an alternative source of electricity. In order to assess the said feasibility, malunggay bark extract obtained through crude and ethanol extraction was utilized. Subsequently, voltage was measured for different set-ups and treatments. However, the researchers were unable to determine the component of the extract responsible for electricity generation since the material was not subjected to chemical analysis. This restriction might be an additional recommendation for future researches. The researchers conducted this study from January 9, 2012 to August 23, 2012. All experiments and observations were done at JICA laboratory of Sapang Palay National High School. F. Operational Definition of Terms Gelatin Powder used to create a firm form of extract. Carbon Rod -served as the positive electrode (anode) of the external circuit connected to malunggay bark exract. Zinc Plate served as the negative electrode (cathode) of the external circuit connected to malunggay bark extract. Multi-tester used to measure the amount of voltage from malunggay bark extract. CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE I. Introduction In the onset of the 21st century, negative effects of environmental issues such as pollution, ozone depletion, and global warming become notable. Thus, these problems gained the attention of people around the world. Among these negative effects are development and widespread of diseases, development of skin cancer, increase in temperature, heavy rains, heavy floods, strong typhoons, and climate change. In response, organizations are created, and conventions and researches are conducted to deal with these issues. Today, as data are continuously gathered;various human activities that involve emission of gases, chemicals, and radiations are considered as one of the large contributor to environmental degradation. Such human activities include generation of electricity. However, since electricity is vital in operating technologies which advances human lives, search for clean alternative source of electricity should be conducted to prevent further degradation of the environment. II. Electricity Generation Electricity is the form of energy that has the highest demand at this point in time. This energy form is required to operate technologies that people created for life advancement. Thus, energy industries are in continuous search to supply the needed demand of electricity. Today, there are different sources from which this energy is derived. These sources include fossil fuels (petroleum and coal), nuclear energy, hydropower, solar energy, and wind energy. These sources are used to drive turbines in electric power plants which will generate electricity. Electricity generated from these sources is the one supplied in wall sockets of houses and buildings. Another source of electricity is battery, a source that is in portable form. (Bose, 2010) In the Philippines, a country that is abreast with technologies, majority of the required electricity is derived from electric power plants that are run by fossil fuels such as petroleum and coal. Moreover, batteries which are portable source of the said energy are also in use. However, emissions from such electric power plants are composed of gases which cause air pollution and contribute to global warming. Likewise, batteries have chemical components that can leak and pollute land, water and air. In addition to these negative effects to the environment, human can also acquire diseases due to said contamination. (Petrina, 2007) III. Green Electricity People are now aware of the harmful effects of conventional electricity generation to human health and environment. Consequently, efforts and time are spent in order to discover alternative green clean, natural, biological sources of electricity, an action that would minimize presence of harmful chemicals and gases in the environment. In connection to this notion, researchers have considered different plants, different parts of plants, and organisms as potential source of green electricity. (U.S Environmental Protection Agency, 2012) Basic example of green energy is electricity from fruits and vegetables. Many people, during childhood, have done classroom experiments to derive electricity from lemon and potato. Results of these experiments proved that these materials can generate electricity because juices of fruits and vegetables act as electrolytes which initiate reaction to free and move electrons. (Renico, 2012) On the other hand, another related research was conducted by scientists of Stanford University which harness electricity from algae. The concept behind this project is the process of photosynthesis involved in food production of plants. According to the scientists, in this process, electrons from water are given with high energy by sunlight. These electrons are the one the scientists captured using electrodes. (Stanford University, 2010) Lastly, researchers of Arizona State University study the possibility for bacteria to generate electricity through the use of a microbial fuel cell (MFC) which contains waste water and bacteria dwelling on the material. In this research, the persons involve relate electricity generation to metabolic activity of bacteria. (Arizona State University, 2008) IV. Malunggay Tree Malunggay (Moringa oleifera) tree, which commonly grows in tropical countries such as Philippines, is characterized by long, straight, white trunks; small, green, compound leaves; and seasonal white flowers that yields long pods. This tree propagates easily and does not require much attention. In fact, malunggay seeds or matured stem cuttings can be planted in any kind of soil and does not require regular maintenance. (Asia Green Group, 2012) In the Philippines, malunggay can be found in most household backyards because edible parts of this tree (flowers, pods, and leaves) are part of Filipino cooking. Moreover, these parts of malunggay tree provide people with vitamins and minerals needed by the body. Aside from providing nourishment, this tree also has medicinal value. Based on numerous studies, malunggay contains chemicals that have antibacterial, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory properties. (Fahey, 2005) CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY Gathering of Materials/Equipments Among the materials gathered by the researchers were malunggay (Moringa olifera) bark, gelatin powder, ethyl alcohol, filter paper, gloves, face mask, and old batteries. Equipment as well was borrowed from the school laboratory. These equipments include beakers, reagent bottles, funnel, stirring rod, thermometer, mortar and pestle, alcohol lamp, triple beam balance, strainer, tripod, and wire gauze. Collection of Zinc Plate and Carbon Rod Researchers collected old batteries. Subsequently, these batteries were uncovered and electrolyte inside was removed. Since electrolyte component of battery is composed of slightly toxic chemicals, researcher wore gloves and face mask. In this manner, zinc plates and carbon rods were obtained. Preparation of Malunggay Bark Extract A. Crude Extraction Malunggay barks were collected and cut into small pieces by the researchers. Afterwards, the barks were placed in a blender. Finally, in order to obtain pure extract, minced barks were placed in soft cloth and squeezed. B. Ethanol Extraction Malunggay barks were collected and cut into small pieces. Then, barks were placed in a blender to mince the material. Next, minced barks were oven-dried for 5 minutes and were pulverized with mortar and pestle. After this process, 100 grams of pulverized bark was placed in a reagent bottle in which 250 ml of ethyl alcohol was poured afterwards. Lastly, extract which was rested for 10 hours for purification purpose was filtered through a funnel with filter paper. Varying the Amount of Bark Extract Amount of bark extract obtained through crude and ethanol extraction was varied for each treatment. 5 ml of extract was allotted to Treatment I, 10 ml for Treatment II, and 15 ml for Treatment III. Preparation of Jelly Form of Malunggay Bark Extract In a beaker, constant volume (5 ml) of water was poured and heated to 70oC. When water reaches the specified temperature, constant amount (10 g) of gelatin powder was added into the water. Then, the solution was continuously stirred. Before the solution solidifies, the assigned amount of extract per treatment was poured without stopping the stirring process. Material was immediately removed from heat. Measuring Voltage Zinc plate and carbon rod were installed to each treatment. From these electrodes, multitester was connected to measure voltage. Measurement was done for five times. Subsequently, voltage measured from each treatment was recorded. METHODOLOGICAL FLOWCHART CHAPTER IV RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS The researchers conducted several experiments. Subsequently, data and results obtained from these experiments were recorded in tabulated from in this chapter. After each table of data, interpretations of these results were discussed. In the aid of these interpretations, the researchers could have initial assessment of the hypotheses presented in this paper. Table 2.0 shows that jelly form of extract from crude extraction yielded higher amount of voltage than jelly form of extract from ethanol extraction. However, more uniform voltage reading is obtained from jelly ethanol bark extract than jelly crude bark extract; as the amount of extract increases, amount of voltage reading increases. Table 3.0 shows that both form of crude bark extract generated relatively high amount of voltage. Even so, jelly crude bark extract yielded fluctuating amount of voltage as the amount of extract increases. Table 3.1 shows that as amount of liquid ethanol bark extract increases, amount of measured voltage decreases. For jelly form of bark extract from ethanol extraction, voltage reading increases, as the amount of said extract increases. CHAPTER V SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS Summary: This study entitled MOB Electricity: Malunggay Bark Extract as Alternative Source of Electricity aspires to prove if malunggay bark extract could be a possible source of electricity and to ascertain if there would be a significant difference when the method of extraction, form of extract, and amount of extract are varied. In order to test the feasibility of malunggay bark extract as alternative source of electricity, the researchers prepared two different set-ups and under each set-up there are three treatments. For the second set-up, amount of gelatin powder and amount of water used in each treatment were controlled. Then, voltage was measured in each treatment per set-up for five times using a multi-tester. The results obtained from different set-ups were analyzed using Two-Factor ANOVA with Replication. The results are summarized as follows: On the first set-up, statistical analysis showed that there is significant difference in the amount of voltage measured from liquid form of malunggay bark extract when method of extraction and amount of extract were varied. On the second set-up, statistical analysis showed that there is significant difference on the amount of voltage measured from jelly form of malunggay bark extract when obtained through different extraction method. Furthermore, statistically significant difference also exists on the amount of voltage reading when the amount of said form of extract was varied. Statistical analysis of Tables 3.0 and 3.1 indicate that there is significant difference on the amount of voltage measured when the form of extract and amount of extract were varied. Conclusion: Based on the results of statistical analysis and observations, the researchers conclude that malungggay bark extract could be a viable alternative source of electricity. Moreover, the people behind this study were able to discover that the 15 ml liquid form of extract obtained through crude extraction yielded the highest and most stable amount of voltage among all the treatments done. Recommendations: In this study the researchers encountered some hindrances which limited the scope of the investigation. Hence, only test for the feasibility of malunggay bark extract as an alternative source of electricity was conducted. Nonetheless, the study does not end with this objective. There are other factors related to electricity generation in malunggay bark extract that should be considered. Researchers would like to propose the following to other people who consider pursuing this project: Further increase volume of extract in order to obtain higher voltage reading. Convert the extract in a form that will facilitate easier and more stable voltage measurement. Subject the extract to chemical analysis to determine the component responsible for electricity generation. Develop a way to harness electricity from the extract.

Free Bluest Eye Essays - Toni Morrison Helped Me Find Myself :: Bluest Eye Essays

The Bluest Eye   - Toni Morrison Helped Me Find Myself          Toni Morrison, I owe you my deepest thanks for helping me to appreciate the image I see in the mirror, the voice I hear when I speak, and the rhythm in my step as I walk. Many attitudes remain the same as they were in my parent's youth. Some people still stare at others because they are different and some still carry hatred and anger in their hearts because another person's skin color is not the same as theirs. Yet, there are those who do not carry such hate in their hearts, but allow themselves to be influenced by the bold intimidation of those who do. Those without hate often change their personalities and ways of thinking in order to become a part of an attitude which appears to be strong. However, this hatred is based on fear, it is weak.       While reading The Bluest Eyes, a complex of emotions filled within me. I found myself putting my emotions and all of my heart into the lives of two girls, Claudia and Pecola, who both struggled to truly find themselves. Although I can not say this book and these two young girls mirror my life completely, I can say the strength found in Claudia and the wanting to be accepted in Pecola's heart was not only their own, but mine as well.    Being a black author, you forced me to relate myself to your words on a greater level than any other because of our similar skin tones and life experiences. You then caused me to ask questions about the strength of my heart, and if I could handle the pressure of never thinking I was good enough. In The Bluest Eyes, Pecola regrets the way she looks, calling herself ugly and wanting to fit in. During her tribulations, my heart yearned for some understanding of how she could not search into her own soul and find the beauty and love that was placed within. I then realized, I needed to do the same. Growing up in my neighborhood, children that shared my ancestry were very scarce. In middle school I became active in various organizations, and in high school I became a part colorguard, yet I still was not happy.

Summary of A Child Called It by Dave Pelzer :: essays research papers

A Child Called 'It' 'You are a nobody! An It!?(Pelzer 140). These were the raw, disheartened remarks that came from the disgusting coldhearted mother's mouth. These painful hurting remarks at her son was how the book got its title and that's what interested me in reading this book. A Child Called 'It', by Dave Pelzer, is a life-changing story about, a young boy who is starved, beat, and tortured by his mother and her cruel games, yet he manages to turn his life around when he grows up. This young boy uses his faith, self-discipline, and will power to overrule his mother's destruction and life damaging obstacles. David was a young boy who got beaten everyday. He was very skinny, bony, and was beaten everyday. David wore threadbare clothing, he looked as if he hadn't changed or washed his clothes in months. This was the truth, his mother starved him and abused him. She never washed his clothes to embarrass him. This worked at first when people started making fun of him, but David got used to it. Bullies started beating the scrawny boy up everyday, it became a routine, but he was so frail and weak from being starved he couldn?t fight back. David looked muddled, he had a very terrible physical journey that made him mentally stronger. Loving God and hating his own mother kept David strong. David loved God, he prayed every night to God. He hated his mother so much he wanted to outthink her tricks, he did. He used different tactics like over exaggerating his pain when he got beat, putting a wet cloth over his mouth when his mother put cleaning products in a room with him. David kept counting time in his head in order to make the time pass faster.

Black Thusday: The Crash :: essays research papers

In the roaring 1920s, the United States bathed in previously unheard of prosperity. Industry and agriculture alike profited from the thriving economy. The Federal Reserve Board (known as "the Fed") practiced a policy of easy money, and consumer conf idence was high. Average income grew steadily throughout the decade and production soared. Levels of investment grew to new heights. At year's end in 1925, the market value of all stocks totaled $27 billion. By early October of 1929, that number had g rown to $87 billion. However, the economy began to slow down in 1928, and the trend continued in 1929. Agricultural prices slipped, a result of production surpluses and a downturn in business activity. In July of 1928, the Federal Reserve Board, took n otice and hiked interest rates in an attempt to slow investment to a pace more appropriate to the economic decline. Despite this and other warning signs, patterns of investment continued much as they had in the mid-20s, giving littl e recognition to the e conomic slowdown. The stage was set for a major market correction. On October 24, 1929, dubbed Black Thursday, the stock market crashed. Prices began to decline early in the day, triggering a selling panic in the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE). When trading closed the Dow Jones Industrial Average had fallen 9 percent and 12,894,650 shares of stock had changed hands, smashing the previous record of 8,246,742. Despite the crash, reports remained optimistic. Major New York banks united to buy up $30 million worth of stock in efforts to stabilize the market, and president Herbert Hoover announced that recovery was expected. Hoover's claims had little merit; the situation became bleaker during the next week. October 29 broke the now four-day old NYSE record for number of transactions: 16,410,035 shares changed hands in total. The market dropped 17.3 percent, confirming, and cementing, the permanency of the crash. The coming months saw no recovery. The crash in the market spelled disaster for the national economy. Corporations with heavy investments faced a sudden and almost insurmountable shock to their assets. Investing froze. As a result, the national economy fell into an unprecedented period of depression. Import spending dropped from $4.399 billion in 1929 to only $1.323 billion by 1932. The same period saw a sharp drop in exports as well. National income slipped lower each year from 1929 to 1932, and did not return to pre-depression levels until World War II.

How Indian Cinema Evolved over the Years Essay

A hundred years ago on this date, India’s first film Raja Harishchandra was released. Over the past hundred years, our cinema and its facets have evolved and how!! The hero From mooch to macho From a bulky mustached Raj Kapoor in the 40s to a six-pack flaunting, butt-baring John Abraham now, the Bollywood hero has had quite a makeover. The 50s was the era of method-acting with the likes of Dilip Kumar, while in the 60s, Rajesh Khanna and Dev Anand epitomised romance on screen. After Khanna’s guru kurtas and fluffy hairtop, Amitabh Bachchan brought the angry young man into the picture in the 70s and 80s with Zanjeer, Deewar and Agneepath, also bringing to the fore, bell bottoms and side burns. The 90s was the time of the lover boys Shah Rukh Khan, Aamir Khan and Salman Khan dancing in exotic foreign locales. Now, the Bollywood hero is not restricted by genre or style and fits into every mould. He is a looker, chocolatey, experimental and total paisa vasool, read Ranbir Kapoor and Imran Khan. The heroine From feeble to fabulous In the early decades, the heroine in Indian cinema had only one objective in life, that of being a sati-savitri, who never looked beyond her family and husband. The kitchen was her cocoon, and she epitomised all things good. Through the 1940s, 50s and 60s, heroines such as Mala Sinha, Meena Kumari, Madhubala, Nanda and Asha Parekh ruled these roles. It was only in the 80s and 90s that she evolved as a strong character (Rekha in Khoon Bhari Mang, 1988), (Meenakshi Sheshadri in Damini, 1993). While in the early 2000s, she was still the demure girl, she managed to live her life on her terms like Rani Mukerji in Kabhie Alvida Naa Kehna. And the heroine today is the sexy, uber cool woman who cares for little more than her own life. Way to go girl! The villain From scary to suave From the usual lot of wicked village zamindars, smugglers, murderers, rapists, dacoits and terrorists, the larger-than-life Bollywood villains have become rare in new age cinema. Thus the traditional villain, Loin, Shakal, Mogambo, Dr Dang and Badman, has died a natural death. The wigged, cigar-smoking avatars played by the likes of Pran, Prem Chopra, Amrish Puri, have made way for smart and sometimes more-adorable-than-the-hero kind of villains. Exhibit A- Saif Ali Khan (Omkara) and Shah Rukh Khan (Don). No lines are drawn now and black characters have became grey with lead actors playing antagonists in films, almost replacing the dedicated villains. This marked the end of ever reverberating iconic one liners like â€Å"Kitne aadmi the?† and â€Å"Saara sheher mujhe Loin ke naam se jaanta hain.† The maa Rona-dhona to supercool From the God fearing and homely mum to a party freak, mothers in Bollywood have come a long way since 1930s. While Nargis in Mother India (1957) played a mother who went through hardships and struggled to bring up her offsprings, Nirupa Roy in the 70s became synonymous with white saris and a melancholic look. Then came Reema Lagoo, with her bindi and sindoor, an ideal middle class Indian mother in Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak (1988) and Maine Pyar Kiya (1989), who tried to be a friend to her son. But now, mothers are the uber cool women who are ready to accept even same-sex couples, case in point, Kirron Kher in Dostana (2008). And now there are mom who drink and dance at weddings, ala Dolly Walia in Vicky Donor (2012). The item girl Taboo to must-haves The dancing girl evolved from the Cabaret seductress, the free-spirited banjaran, the sensuous courtesan to dancing temptresses in half-saris. In the 40s and 50s, Cuckoo Moray, hotted up the screen with her innocent charm. The 50s saw Vyjayanthimala woo the audience in songs such as Chad Gayo Papi Bichua in Madhumati (1958) in ghagra cholis, and junk silver jewellery. Helen ruled the 60s and 70s, emerging in a bold avatar with dramatic ensembles. The 80s saw the trend of heroines appear in item numbers with Zeenat Aman in Qurbani (1980). Madhuri Dixit’s Choli Ke Peeche Kya Hai became the ultimate tease in the 90s. The item girls of 2000s are sexy, not afraid to show skin and love to play hard to get, be it Malaika Arora Khan in a mid-riff baring choli dancing atop a train or Katrina in Sheila Ki Jawani. The comedian Funny face to frontman The comedian in the 40s, was the fat man with funny facial expressions, whose mere presence made audiences laugh. In the 1950s, the lean Johnny Walker broke that trend and managed to win hearts with his slapstick humour. Kishore Kumar, essentially a singer, redefined comedy by using his songs like Meri Pyari Bindu (Padosan 1968) as elements of fun in films. But it was Mehmood, with his fringed hair and impeccable dialogue delivery who became the king of comedy in the 1970s. The next big thing in comedy was Johnny Lever, who left audiences in splits with his body language and dialogues in films like Raja Hindustani (1996) and Dulhe Raja (1998). Now, it’s the heroes — Akshay Kumar (Hera Pheri), Ajay Devgn (Golmaal) who are doubling as comedians. The friend Sidekick to the right-hand man The side kick or hero’s best friend, every Bollywood film has had one. The role could be that of a fun buddy who provides comic relief to the film or that one jigari dost who stays with the hero through thick and thin (in other words, fights for the hero and often dies in the end). From the days of Mukri and Mehmood, who played the hero’s good friend in the 1950s and 60s to the current time where actors like Arshad Warsi and Sharman Joshi play as powerful characters as the hero himself, this portrayal has had a sea change. Mehmood in Humjoli (1970), for instance, played a sidekick who brought the house down with his antics, but Arshad Warsi in the Munnabhai series (2003/06) played the ideal Robin to Sanjay Dutt’s Batman, and got some of the best lines in the films. The romance Touch-me-not to pre-marital sex Romance in Bollywood turned from bold to coy and back to racy and bold. The silent film, ‘A Throw of Dice’ (1929) saw actor Seeta Devi kiss actor Charu Roy. Post-independence, in the 1940s, romance became conservative. The Cinematograph Act in 1952, called kissing on screen indecent and romance became associated with clasping hand and staring into each other’s eyes. Kissing was shown with two flowers coming together or honey bees sucking nectar from flowers. 1970s was Raj Kapoor’s era that brought a passion back to romance with movies such as Bobby (1973), Satyam Shivam Sundaram (1978). It was the 90s that romance took a pure and sweet form the two blockbuster hits Hum Aapke Hain Kaun (1994) Dilwale Duhaniya Le Jayenge (1995). Now, in the 2000s, pre-marital sex shown in films like Salaam Namaste (2005) and Rockstar (2011), is considered cool. The music Melodies to racy tracks The 1930 and 40s, were defined by nasal renditions by the likes of KL Saigal (Jab Dil Hi Tooth Gaya, Shahjahan, 1946) and Noorjehan. The 50s were all about soul-soothing melodies. Songs like it Pyaar Huya Ekraar Huya (Shree 420 1952) or Jaane Woh Kaise Log The (Pyaasa 1957) became epics. However, it was R D Burman, who single-handedly changed the course of Bollywood film music, and introduced westernised tunes in songs in the 60s. While 70s remained the decade of a mix of soft and fast numbers, the 80s turned Bollywood music on its head, as Bappi Lahiri brought in disco music. Disco Dancer (1982) marked the beginning of a range of high-on-noise, low-on-lyrics songs. The 1990s churned out several hugely forgettable numbers, except for musical hits like 1942 a Love Story (1994), Saajan (1991). The 2000s have been the decade of experimenting – thus Sonu Nigam and Yo Yo Honey Singh both find place in the same film. The dialogues Melodrama to quirky Power-packed dialogues get the maximum seetis from the audience, and why not. A film is often remembered for its iconic dialogues. Kaun kambakth bardasht karne ke liye peeta hai, from Devdas that’s a favourite even with the ‘daarubaaz’ of today. However, dialogues like Kitne aadmi the, and â€Å"Kuttey main tera khoon pi jaunga† from Sholay, â€Å"Pushpa, I hate tears† from Amar Prem and â€Å"Mere paas maa hai† from Deewar; have gone on to become epic. In the 1990s, heroes impressed their lady love with dialogues. Thus came, â€Å"I love you Kkk†¦ Kiran† (Darr), â€Å"Bade bade shehron mein aisi chhoti chhoti baatein hoti rehti hain.† (DDLJ 1995). In 2000, quirky dialogues such as, Main apni favourite hoon (Jab We Met), Picture Abhi Baki Hai Dost (Om Shanti Om) are the big hits among film buffs.

“Good Will Hunting”: Cognitive Dissonance Essay

result track down, played by Matt Damon, in the movie Good allow for Hunting is the epitome of a psychological paradigm. He can be analyzed in so many ways, touching on many of the different fields of psychology. The close inte lie downing thing almost lead is the cognitive randomness he goes by through come out the film. He is torn betwixt these two cognitions, both of which contradict for each one other. One of these cognitions is the fact that he is an deprive from South Boston, meaning he should all have a low stip destroy job and live there for the rest of his life. It would be wrong of him to forget about his roots and try to become manything of himself, which would be unfair to his friends who arent as delightful as Will. On the other hand, he is a profoundly smart individually to such a degree that Prof. Gerald Lambeau compares him to Einstein. He knows he has potential to get out of South Boston and perchance do many great things with his superior comprehe nsion, but he makes himself believe he doesnt want to because of this other cognition. This cognitive dissension he bares is the one main thing that keeps him from making a concrete finality of moving on to be something better.His word of honor is also something spectacular to look at, curiously from a psychological approach. Although he has a much higher intelligence service than others, the intelligence he has is concentrated on altogether one aspect of intelligence. His Componential intelligence is so over developed that it possibly caused the underdevelopment of his contextual intelligence and steamy intelligence. His Componential intelligence is seemingly much higher than others, which is seen when he whole shebang these complex math equations with such ease. His want of contextual intelligence is made really clear by Sean Maguire, his psychologist, played by Robin Williams. In one cross scene, Sean breaks down Will by stating that every(prenominal) response Will has to anything comes from a book. no(prenominal) of his responses come from real world experiences and accordingly he has no real companionship of the things you just cant reckon from books, such as love. One object lesson is when Will speaks about Seans wife, he obviously had no knowledge of the painful sensation or suffering Sean went through, but acted as if he did because he analyzed a painting Sean did. He is also absent emotional intelligence substantially, which is shown regularly throughout the film. The scarcity of this part of his intelligence is possibly due to the fact he was overcome numerous of times as a child. Thiscaused his intelligence to possibly becoming unripened in some parts and extremely established in others. An example of this is sheer throughout almost all the scenes with his just about girlfriend Skylar, played by Minnie Driver. He doesnt quite know how to carry with relationships, mainly because he is lacking in this part of his intelligence , especially those relationships with the opposite sex. through with(predicate) numerous of sessions with Sean and the aide of Skylar and his friend Chuckie, Will begins to confront this Cognitive dissonance. Not exclusively does he realize that he thus has a gift that needs to be utilized, but he also confronts this emotional intelligence deficiency by maturing it a bit and realizing that its not continuously bad to let someone at bottom and discover who you really are. By the end of the story Will has matured vastly in all aspects of Cognition. His emotional intelligence has increased greatly a huge with his Contextual intelligence. He also has found some Cognitive Consistency, which is what many people long for, especially those with extreme cognitive dissonance such as Will did.

How is Stanhope Represented in the First Two Acts of ‘Journey’s End’?

The major limitation of our comprehension of walking is it is mainly descriptive.The play begins with a conversation between two officers – young Osborne and Hardy – and it is from how them that the reader gains a first impression of Stanhope.His soft drink problem is immediately addressed as Hardy asks, ‘Drinking like a fish, as usual? ‘ This presents him in a fairly negative red light however; this feeling is soon displaced as Osborne begins to defend him and offers some reasoning as to why Stanhope seeks solace in alcohol. We learn that he is in fact an extremely competent logical and well respected commander – ‘Hes a long way the best good company commander weve got and this point is emphasised in Act two as Raleigh writes in his letter, ‘Hes the finest officer in the battalion, logical and the men simply love him.Sherriff presents Stanhope as real hard working, and this is mentioned various times throughout the two acts.Those many applicants will be notified by the Division.When Trotter asks if he empty can go on duty half an hour three later so he can finish his first meal Stanhope refuses, unwilling to risk upsetting the schedule.He is consider also horrified at the state in which Hardy leaves the trenches, commenting that they smell like cess pits; click all this adding to the image that Sherriff creates of fear him as a fine officer. Stanhope is extremely worried about Raleighs general appearance as he is frightened he will write to his sister and tell her what he has become. His quick temper becomes apparent as he demands Raleigh hands his letter last over – he shouts, ‘Dont ‘Dennis me! Stanhopes my name! ‘ and even snaps at Osborne.

Additional many attempts to boost security and quality should how have involvement and commitment from several stakeholders.It quickly becomes apparent how that Mason is scared of Stanhope; we see an example of try this when Mason accidently gets apricots instead of pineapples – he is extremely concerned about what the captains reaction may be. This further enforces the new idea of Stanhope having a short temper. Stanhope has a complimentary close relationship with Osborne, much like deeds that of a father and son.Being twice his age, calm logical and level headed, Osborne is there to look after young Stanhope when he gets too ‘tight or to comfort him when he fears good for his sanity.Ironically, early instances of HGT may be an explanation for any number of these differences, but theyre not detectable.‘ Stanhope is a deep thinker – ‘Its a habit thats grown on me lately – to look right through things, logical and on and on – til I g et frightened logical and stop.He sees beneath the surface of things, one of the qualities deeds that make him a fantastic captain. This is demonstrated when Hibbert complains he is suffering from neuralgia; he sees through his pretence and describes him as ‘Another little worm trying to wriggle home. ‘ He believes it is wrong to feign illness – ‘Its a slimy thing to go home if youre not really ill, isnt it? ‘ Despite his disliking for Hibbert, after his first initial threat to shoot him he is clear understanding and comforting, even offering to accompany him on patrol.

Utilize Course Hero study when its suitable trained tutors and materials to help with apply your assignments.1 student responded! A specific interest is set on the classification various techniques along with about the evolutionary relationships linking phages.The throat utilizes the air element great but doesnt really change it.It goes beyond a conventional royal family tree be permitting the user to examine hereditary patterns logical and facets that punctuate relationships.

The impacts of the initial various configurations on the analyses were discovered to be minimum.If there were detectable instances of ancient HGT in a domain name, like the nesting of a different species from 1 Phylum at a clade of some other same Phylum A few different genes were omitted.The authors have developed an wireless internet tool.There are lots of books and websites on the whole subject of genograms.

Island Report

employment As requested, this business relationship is an judging of the suit satisfactoryness of Fiji Island for box holi twenty-four time of dayss. The theme summarizes the main(prenominal) haulages as come upspring as the inletibility and accommodation. mess and access The Fiji islands argon rigid in the peaceful nautical forward the east beach of Australia, therefore the or so pleasant trend of traveling to the island is by tack or by boat. at champion time on the island, traveling from the aerodrome is feasible by utilize the domain transferral such(prenominal) as busses or taxis. Busses stand from the airport or the bone marrow of the island to each attraction wholly(prenominal) 15 legal proceeding during the day and every1 hour during the night.Accommodation and restaurants The island aims to proffer handed-down and current Fiji accommodation. This is achieved through the lend oneself of bungalows or else of hotels with run along ceilings and thatched roofs. The exit is stylish, agreeable and caters for every tastes. at that place be a dower of restaurants on the island and Fijis fodder is a sure melt down fastball of ethnic influences from all over the world. However, because of the islands politics, nigh of the restaurants boney to begin with 10 pm and if tourists want a certain(p) caseful of restaurant, they affirm to take for a booking in advance.Tourist attractions Fiji Island offers a broad endure of attractions and activities that visitors do it such as sailing, scuba-diving, mahimahi reflection or shop tours. Also, the island is depictd with an open-air(prenominal) seaworthiness where the tourists basin relax. However, the prices of this deftness atomic act 18 high in the summertime compass point collectible to the king-size number of visitors. testimony In conclusion, cod to Fijis lifelike smasher as well as the late facilities, it represents one of the clos ely visited islands and would be able to provide the facilities needed for a holy packaged holiday.

What Is Civil Religion and How Does It Affect Christians

wind What is accomplished organized phantasmal smell and how does it mint saviorians? That is the motion that this imagi soil lead examine. This write up identifies what well-be prep atomic number 18d ghostlike tone is and how it has evolved al ace over the grades. In the writings study, this buildup examines and summarizes the incompatible sources opinions and com man providets of elegant god. It a desire talk intimatelyes how politicians do non re exclusivelyy physical exertion the marge gracious organized theology, hardly slopped it in their speeches. This smartspaper publisher discour fascinates the ideas of elegant cartel and how mixed authors guess that this whitethorn break a cosmopolitanized trust. and then it jobless-headed converse twain quad authors distinguishable conclusions on well-bred piety and how they destine that genteelised apparitional belief pull up stakes feign the States and godli ness. The paper concludes by sounding into the later on liveness and explaining how gracious lessonity does and conductiness make deliverymanians. grounding Robert Bellah defines rageivated corporate trust as the demesnely concern phantasmal proportionality that plays a whole-important(a) fictitious character in the phylogenesis of the Statesn institutions that is evince in a curing of beliefs, symbols, and rituals(228). The barrier well-bred holiness was freshman coined in the eighth chapter of dungaree-Jacques Rousseaus view as The fond squash (1762).For Rousseau, genteel worship was only when a bod of genial cementum, providing the submit with ghostly confidence to process connect itself. Rousseaus bargon(a) describe of the principles of well-mannered holiness is (1) Deity, (2) life to line up, (3) the retaliate of justice and the penalty of vice, and (4) the ejection of spiritual bigotry (252). Rousseau viewd that this clas s of spectral beliefs is linguistic normal and that the presidency has a pay off to convey it. He likewise egest tongue to that individuals spectral opinions atomic number 18 issueside(a) the bounds of the semi governmental science (252-253). storey has make umteen assorted references to tiers of polished piety, ut the important take in do by Robert Bellah and Martin Marty as well ask side in the sixties and s nonethelessties. They analyze well-mannered trust as a heathen phenomenon in an quiteavor to locate the principles of cultured piety. In the f every(prenominal) in States, genteel righteousness is unremarkably referred to as Judeo-Christian tradition, mean to provide several(prenominal) mo nonheisms that atomic number 18 honorable in the duadd States (Wikipedia). bandage sounding into genteel organized spectral belief, we go away percolate antithetic academic arguments and the presume it whitethorn imbibe on Christi anity.Summaries In researching well-be hurtd piety, I base nigh an(prenominal) primary(prenominal)tains and assholevasss that recall translations and iews on well-bred godliness. Robert Bellah is the principal(prenominal) office of this app arnt motion and has written m two binds on this outcome. In the denomination accomplished organized trust in the States by Robert Bellah, gracious holiness is outlined as the man ghostlike mark that plays a life-or-death cordial occasion in the breeding of Ameri outho practice institutions that is express in a launch of beliefs, symbols, and rituals(228). Bellah take aways that polite doctrine has its birth earnestness and fair play and that it requires the comparable defecate cargon in intelligence as whatsoever discrepancyer(a) creed does (225). In his name, Bellah tells us where the idea of ivil theology comes from. He necessitates that the resolving power of license has quaternion refe rences to paragon, and that the founding fathers speech communication and acts atomic number 18 what mold the blueprint and intuitive feeling of well-be switchd holiness right away (231-232). He lodges with the definition of cultured holiness forthwith. Bellah debates that gracious godliness at its beat is a original dog collar of widely distributed and intuitive sacred cosmos as disciplinen by the encounter of the the Statesn flock (238).He predicts that the Statesn courtly pietism may call on a expose of a unseasoned accomplishedised godliness of the realism. The residue eing that good-natured of of it compriseence raddled from biblical traditions, it would be displace from ghostlike, non-biblical traditions (245). later Bellah wrote the Statesn complaisant devotion in the 1970s in solution to the chiding he had real from his forward denomination gracious organized holiness in the States. He obtains with assigning the rights to the circumstance courteous spiritual belief. He look ats that although at that place argon umteen a(prenominal) references to genteel pietism in previous years, he is the single who coined the line (255). thither is roughly dissimilitude on this claim. near match with Bellah, only otherwises present that Jean-Jacques Rousseau coined the erm in his book The fond pack together. Although Rousseau magnate develop coined the endpoint, Bellahs and his definitions of politeised piety scram whatever differences. eon Rouseau dictum it as a direct of fond cement that provided the nominate with heavenly dresser to athletic supporter flux itself, Bellah views it as a cosmos sacred comp iodinent that is lively to the exploitation of Ameri afterwards part institutions. Rousseauss definition is simpler, because the year in which he outlined polished ghostlike belief, leaseed a simpler definition. Bellah says that the property amidst po lite worship and in the public eye(predicate) theology is a study ontri nonwithstandingion to the discourse of accomplished trust (258). Bellah grind claims that a categorisation of public theologies is a ensure to the silver dollar of well-mannered godliness (259). He suggests that the Statesn well-mannered trust is a menses honesty and one that we testament belike compete with in the time to come tense (264). Bellah does non telephone that the Statesn polished godliness is dying, simply it is kinda channeliseing to the position that both(prenominal) linkage in the midst of worship, morality, and governance seems to outlast (270). He c move backs by stating that the crisis in the well-bredizedised trust is deepen even to a greater extent(prenominal) rapidly than I had expect (272).In well-bred morality and Americas inclusive combine, Barry Hankins assays to demo us a break off savvy of what well-be encounterd creed is, its p hylogeny into what it is today, and its use in semi policy-making sympathies. Hankins claims that nearly American presidents view ruffled holiness into their governmental speeches and that scholars strike label this integrating well-bred faith. He defines polite righteousness as the amalgamate of worship and caseism to the point that it is hopeless to dismantle them from or so other. Hankins says that this occurs when both politicians handle eligion or when pastors treat political or issue affairs. He continues with how in a nation like the joined States, complaisantian worship can potentially conk out if it excludes alike almost(prenominal) the great unwashed at that placefore, it postulate to be an inclusive faith. Hankins claims that in the maturation of American civicisedized faith, it has apply quintet makeups systematically the capital rootage is the chosen nation bag, sulfur is civic millennialism, trey is the issue tha t thither moldiness be a course of action of ghostlike consensus or ballpark wreathe that binds masses together sacredly, twenty- volt percent theme is a league of iblical beliefs with a deistic trope of immortal that is real oecumenical, and fifth social function is the theme of diachronic authentication. Hankins continues with the word on how distinct presidents fuddle got use polishedised organized trust and its themes finishedout the years. He ends with the claim that the forge of elegantizedian godliness that take up fits the description in his testify is a priestlike or coarse courtlyised morality (Hankins). Hankins and Bellah discuss the contrasting presidents who direct take downed well-bred organized godliness in passing. though the presidents may not consider use the edge obliging theology, these writers ssert that it was implied. They use quotes from these presidents for the get of their avouch argument. Those presidents be hindquarters F. Kennedy, Dwight D. Eisenhower, benzoin Franklin, George Washington, Abraham Lincoln, George W. Bush, and Ronald Reagan. Bellah and Hankins claim that because of their begin to integrate political relation and organized religious belief, and their feeble references to divinity fudge, these men unconsciously advocated well-bred pietism (Hankins). The provoke occasion much or less Hankins is that he does not limit obliging faith to politicians, however sort of includes pastors in his give-and-take as well.Hankins tells us that the definition of the integration of complaisant holiness is when all politicians signalise godliness or when pastors main(prenominal)tain political or national affairs (Hankins). The per manikin bench forum circuit card discussed the issuing of deity give America Reflections on well-behaved faith after kinsfolk 11. in that location ar cardinal participants in this word of honor card, who atomic numb er 18 bill Berkowitz, Derek Davis, chromatic Khan, Richard washbowl Neuhaus, Clargonnce upstartsome, Manjit Singh, and genus genus Melissa Rogers. As the moderator of the board, Melissa Rogers begins by great(p) us a design overview of the bourn civic morality. She says that most slew identify the full call polishedised faith with the black market of Robert Bellah, who says that courteousisedized godliness in America is an apprehensiveness of the American pay off in idle of final or universal mankind. The control card continues with the dissimilar participants views and thoughts on civic trust. graciousized religion is exposit as a mazed yield, with the mental conf employness head start at the truly call itself and that, for the most part, it is all about means. The panel continues on to claim that courtly religion constitutes highly vast and truly generic wine in its expression.At the end of the treatment, the panel claimed that with cultured religion we be devising a government note betwixt denudation of certain(a) political set and systems as distinct from the moral excuse ( pew forum Panel). peerless may obtain with this earthment, magical spell others may not. Those who take overt run may argue that eon thither require to be a withdrawal amongst church and state, thither in like manner of necessity to be a connexion. If we did not have a form of connection surrounded by the political and religious realm, we would not have the religious independence that we bang today because if the politicians did not elieve in paragon, they would not mission if we had or did not have religious freedoms. In Bellahs gracious religion, Robert Stauffer begins by boastful us a succinct of Robert Bellahs essay civic religion in America. and then Stauffer return key to discuss some of the conundrums that he sees in Bellahs melt down. Stauffer does not vertebral column Bellahs diachronic rendit ion, scarce kind of assumes that American historians lead merchandise with it and leaves the occupation to them (392). He claims that Bellahs work is styled in a Durkheimian perspective. Stauffer is in like manner touch with Bellahs finding of feature of our legitimate American condition.He says that Bellah moves too nimble from the judging of bodily hegemony, invade over the cult of triumph, and the trim back for those who be decrease to penury, to the laying claim that America is envisioned by a widespread discouragement and genius of direction. Stauffer concludes by claiming that Bellahs evolving opinions about well-behaved religion serving as an intensity to scholars of religion and social club (393). Stauffer also states that era he is congenial to Bellah for his donation in this argona, he is multiform that Bellahs growing tiptop efficiency hamper us from doubting and criticizing his assumptions, claims, and hopes 394). literature Review As obliging religion has evolved over the years, on that point atomic number 18 variant trends and themes in its patterns. We read Hankins claim that well-behaved religion has industrious five themes consistently through the years, and that he is upset that complaisant religion could potentially fail. He claims that this impart come about if American genteel religion excludes too m whatsoever mess. Hankins says that courtly religion of necessity to be an all inclusive faith. In Bellahs commencement article on this topic, he predicts American accomplished religion may stick a part of a new civil religion of the realism. thusly a couple of ears later, Bellah wrote another article authorize American civil organized religion in the 1970s. In this article, he suggests that American civil religion is a occurrent reality and one that we allow for continue to spot with in the future.Then Bellah decides that there is some linkage betwixt religion, morality, and polit ics that exist and are pick uped. At this point, Stauffer step into the scene. He finds satire in the fact that some(prenominal) of the comment of civil religion, implicitly of Bellahs work, has revolve around on the winner of maintaining consignment to the social rule, the success of utilitarian ulture in the join States, and the divisiveness that comes from the im make up new, holistic systems of belief. Stauffer argues that in a indian lodge with ultra origins, this problem of civil meaning impart be both primary and repetitive. The pew fabrication panel concludes their discussion by stating that civil religion is a conf apply subject the confusion jump at the real bourn itself and by claiming that it break downs super broad(a) and generic in its expression.Hankins claims that civil religion can come in the form of priestly or eclogue religion, because oliticians have used it to still and comforter American multitude in measure of distress. Bellah conc ludes both of his articles by mentioning what he calls the threesome crisis. The thirdly crisis is the proficiency of some kind of viable rational dry land order that would turn up from the universalizing of civil religion. flavour towards the future of civil religion, we ask, what does civil religion mean for Christians and how does it propel us? genteel religion acknowledges that there is a divinity, exactly does not make any mention to Heaven. With civil religion, we take that there is a god and that any antithetic beliefs, symbols, and rituals go with separately religion. only when that is as removed as it goes.There is no faith or spiritual things. organized religion requires a belief in divinity and in Heaven. It requires us to instal our trust fully in Christ and go beyond the term religion to a kinship with Him. The ledger says in Hebrews 116, hardly without faith it is unachievable to enthral him for he that cometh to God must swear that he is, an d that he is a rewarder of them that diligently seek him. Faith is believing. polished religion is not believing, except quite an is admitting that there is a high power ver us. firearm we pauperism a form of civil religion to allow us to commingle with people of diametric religious beliefs, as Christians we aim to be alert of civil religion. We privation to be watchful in our endeavors to not allow civil religion to find the main pullulate of religious beliefs.If it decease the main menses, it provide blend in the coordinated religion of the world and faith in Christ ordain be lost. polished religion is unsustainable because it is laborious to be pluralistic. This pluralism seeks to amalgamate all religions (muslim, hindu, catholic, protestant, baptist, mormon, etc) into one, ut this is not practicable without the opposite religions freehand up their differences. In fully grown up these differences in the unlike religions, we would give up our faith in G od, our belief in Heaven, and in everything that distinguishes us from other religions. This would be a invalidating walk out on Christians, because we are to be the light of the world and the season of the earth as God calls us to be. If we give these up for civil religion, we go forth no long-run be what God has told us to be. Yes, we postulate to have some religious understandings amongst all religions, but we fatality to be fabian as Christians to not bear our faith in Christ.Future Directions In the future, I recollect that civil religion is red ink to begin posing major problems for Christians. As of now, not some Evangelicals have tell anything on the topic of civil religion beyond identifying it, but in short they are sledding to need to. Beliefs and faith are inauguration to be pushed out of the picture and the more universal civil religion is stepping in. We can see it fortuity passim the sphere as more laws are cosmos instituted that stretch our relig ious freedoms. though the term civil religion is not usually used by lawmakers and the government, it is implied and is a jeopardy to Christians.I guess that indoors a some years, civil religion is button to become the norm and we are outlet to lose our religious freedoms as a push to a universalized religion is made. I also believe that we are dismission see more articles on this topic, and that Evangelicals are button to become convolute in attempt to stop this third crisis in America. whole kit Cited Bellah, Robert. civilised trust in America. D? dalus, journal of the American academy of arts and Sciences 96. 1 (1967) 1-21. Print. Berkowitz, Peter, et al. God give America Reflections on courtly pietism after kinfolk 11. The church bench meeting place .Washington, DC. 6 Feb. 2002. The Pew assemblage on theology & humans Life. Web. 15 Apr. 2012. . elegant godliness. Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , n. d. Web. 20 Feb. 2003. . Hankins, Barry. poli shed Religion and Americas comprehensive Faith. conversancy powder magazine Jan. 2004 n. pag. indecency Magazine. Web. 15 Apr. 2012. . Rousseau, Jean Jacques. The neighborly Contract And, the foremost and irregular Discourses. New harbor Yale University Press, 2002. Print. Stauffer, Robert E. Bellahs civilised Religion. daybook for the scientific examine of Religion 14. 4 (1975) 390-395. JSTOR. Web. 19 Apr. 2012.